Investors are fortunate to have a number of financial instruments at their disposal that generate returns far above traditional checking and savings accounts at the bank. A popular but non-liquid investment is the purchase of property which pays dividends in the form of rent. Another popular but commodified investment is gold or gold futures which are considered a safe haven during times of market turmoil. Perhaps the most popular in the United States today is stocks, in which some 50% of households participate either through direct investments or through their retirement accounts.
The biggest disadvantage of purchasing shares of stock of individual companies is the tremendous day-to-day volatility of prices. The sharp up and down movements of stock prices is favored by day traders who try to profit on intraday trading. However, for the average investor such volatility is disconcerting and even damaging in the long-term.
To avoid the volatility of a single stock but harness the strong returns of the stock market financial companies have put together mutual funds. Mutual funds are aggregates of many stocks so a single share of a mutual fund may just be the sum of fractional shares of the underlying shares from different companies. If a single company in the mutual fund experiences a particular bad year it has only a slight impact on the entire mutual fund. And if the stock market performs broadly well the investor of the mutual fund reaps the rewards.
Stock mutual funds can belong to a class known as high yield mutual funds. More interestingly, mutual funds may contain more than stocks. Investors may also pick bond funds, real estate funds, or commodity funds. Each type lies along an independent financial axis so that investors benefit from further diversification by participation in each.
As mentioned before, bond funds are mutual funds which contain many bonds. Bond may include United States Treasuries as well as corporate debt which show a distribution in length of maturity as well as yield. Sometimes bond funds are divided into short, medium and long term, three terms that describe the maturity length of the component bonds.
Another type of mutual fund is one that contains real estate investments. These could be bundles of mortgages processed through Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae. These mortgages are popular because of perceived high quality and stable returns from homeowners who are loathe to default on payments and give up their homes. The financial crisis of 2007 has tarnished real estate investments to some degree but GNMA funds remain popular as they continue to be composed of higher quality mortgages.
Finally, commodity funds are made up of financial instruments that derive their value from underlying commodities. Commodities usually refer to exploitable minerals or fuel such as gold, silver, petroleum, or farmed products like soybeans and oranges. The value of commodity funds goes up and down in accordance to scarcity and demand of the underlying commodities.
Investors who are interested in even index funds should consider the impact of fees on the return. There are low-fee or no load index funds available from financial institutions that ameliorate the extent to which fees eat into the return.
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